Washington - After a couple of false starts, the Senate Judiciary Committee approved a bill Thursday that would ban assault weapons, restrict the size of ammunition clips and require universal background checks on gun sales.

But in spite of passionate pleas by Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., the bill's sponsor, it heads to the Senate floor with no Republican support, and it may not have the backing of every Democrat. The Republican-led House of Representatives is all but certain to reject it.

"As I've said before, the road is uphill," Feinstein said Thursday, after her bill cleared the panel on a party-line vote of 10-8.

She was the lead sponsor of the original assault weapons ban Congress passed in 1994 but didn't renew 10 years later for lack of support. The political landscape has changed since then, as has the degree of public shock over recent mass shootings, including one in December that left 20 Connecticut elementary school children dead, and another more than two years ago that gravely injured former Arizona congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords.

But even that might not be enough to get restrictions on the use of assault weapons.

"It was a little miracle that it passed the first time," said Robert Spitzer, the chairman of the political science department at the State University of New York at Cortland, an expert on the politics of gun control. "It has long odds now."

Feinstein's critics, including the National Rifle Association, say that such laws do little to deter crime and infringe on the liberties of gun owners. But Feinstein, who once trained to use a gun to protect herself, said she has seen too many killings. She became mayor of San Francisco after two of her colleagues were slain, and there have been others: shootings that took place at universities, office towers, movie theaters and elementary schools, as well as violence directed at police officers.

"I think a lot of my passion comes from just what I've seen on the streets of cities in this country," she said.

Thursday's vote came three months to the day after 20-year-old Adam Lanza walked into the Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn., and killed 20 children and six adults with an assault rifle before killing himself. He had shot his mother to death before going to the school.

Feinstein said that her bill, which bans 157 firearms, still allowed people to buy plenty of guns.

"It exempts 2,271 weapons," Feinstein said. "Isn't that enough for the people in the United States? Do they need a bazooka?"

But the heated exchanges on Feinstein's bill, and the party-line vote to send it to the full Senate, illustrate the difficulties of coming to an agreement.

"I wish we could all come a little more to the middle on this issue," said Sen. Charles Schumer, D-N.Y.

Feinstein's intensity was on display when Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, the state's junior senator and a tea party favorite whose confrontational style has gained attention, raised constitutional questions about her bill. He and other Republicans regard it as an intrusion on the Second Amendment.

"Would she consider it constitutional for Congress to specify that the First Amendment shall apply only to the following books, and shall not apply to the books that Congress has deemed outside the protection of the Bill of Rights?" he asked.

"Likewise," he continued, "would she think that the Fourth Amendment's protections against searches and seizures could properly apply only to the following specified individuals and not to the individuals that Congress has deemed outside the protection of the bill of rights?"

"I'm not a sixth-grader," Feinstein shot back. "Senator, I've been on this committee for 20 years. I was a mayor for nine years. I've looked at bodies that have been shot with weapons. In Sandy Hook, youngsters were dismembered."

Noting that she was not a lawyer, the four-term senator said: "It's fine you want to lecture me on the Constitution. I appreciate it. Just know I've been here for a long time. I've passed on a number of bills. I've studied the Constitution myself. I am reasonably well-educated, and I thank you for the lecture."

Feinstein later apologized to Cruz for the tone of her reply. "You sort of got my dander up," she said.

That wasn't the only example of the differences on display. The committee rejected on the same lines several amendments by Cruz's Republican colleague from Texas, Sen. John Cornyn, that would have created more exemptions, allowing victims of domestic violence, rural and border-state residents and former members of the military to own assault weapons and high-capacity clips.

Cornyn noted that Feinstein's bill already contained such a provision for retired police officers.

"Why we would deny other American citizens the right to legitimately use these weapons for self-defense escapes me," he said.

Feinstein's current and former colleagues have said that she's determined to push the legislation as far as she can, and that she may get some of what she sought. But the political realities of the current Congress, which has trouble agreeing on even once-routine matters, and the equal determination of her opponents to stop her make it unlikely the assault weapons ban will survive.

"She knows she's not going to be able to win everything," said former Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison, R-Texas. "No one does in a legislative body."