For the first two weeks in November, the United Kingdom hosted the UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow, Scotland. I was the lucky recipient of a scholarship to attend this event as a delegate observer for the League of Women Voters - United States. I'll admit that my knowledge of loss and damage vs. adaptation vs. mitigation, feminist climate justice, and the carbon market were limited. I knew that climate change was real and needed to be slowed, but I didn't know all the intricacies or the depth of experiences that were currently happening around the world. By the end of my week in Glasgow, I had learned so much and have become energized around this topic! Now, I have to-do lists for local actions, individual actions, local and national groups to join, and lists of library books to read in an effort to do my part to "keep 1.5alive".

Each day, the Women and Gender Constituency, of which LWV-US is a member, passed out masks that said "Feminist Climate Justice." I have since learned that women face many more climate impacts than men, as they are responsible for  more than 90% of food preparation, child care and care of the home. They are also less likely to receive messaging about climate emergencies and to be able to physically escape from danger from a climate event. More than 70% of the fatalities in the 2004 tsunami were women. Additionally, people living in poverty are most affected by climate change impacts and have limited resources to face these unpredictable events. This combination of environmental injustice and gender inequality combines for an even greater impact.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its most recent report in August 2021, "AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis." This report was written by the world's leading climate scientists and can be viewed in its entirety on their website along with an interactive atlas and regional fact sheets. The report states that recent climate changes are "widespread, rapid, intensifying, and unprecedented in thousands of years" and are indisputably attributed to human activities. "Unless there are immediate, rapid, and large-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, limiting warming to 1.5 and even 2 deg Celsius will be beyond reach."

I also watched former Vice President Al Gore's live presentation, "The Danger We're In and the Case for Hope", which featured photographs and video clips from current weather events that are attributed to climate change. The impact of seeing photograph after photograph was staggering. Even the hot temperatures in the Pacific Northwest this summer would have been labeled "statistically impossible," but these instances are becoming more and more common. Atmospheric rivers result in rain bombs, mud slides, and flooding of apartments and transportation. Permafrost melting in Siberia results in greenhouse gas and methane emissions. The Lancet predicts that there will be up to 1 billion climate refugees by the end of the century because their current homes will become incompatible with human life. Desmond Tutu has stated that "climate change is the human rights challenge of our times" and "The most devastating effects are visited on the poor, those with no involvement in creating the problem."

This disconnect between countries in the Global South and Global North was evident at COP26. Countries in the Global South are facing devastating impacts from climate change today that threaten their economy, livelihood, and mortality. Island countries, such as Fiji and Tuvalu, spoke out about the impact of sea level rises removing their land. Madagascar is facing the first climate-driven famine, impacting more than one million citizens due to drought and coral bleaching.

These countries are seeking monetary support for loss and damage as they are facing impacts from changes to the climate that have occurred because of the Global North's carbon emissions. Loss and damage remained a controversial subject throughout COP; in the closing agreement, the costs of loss and damage were acknowledged, but there has been no established fund to provide assistance to these countries yet. There are talks for an official financial mechanism for loss and damage compensation to be introduced at next year's event, COP 27 in Egypt.

In the first week of COP more than 100 countries promised to end and reverse deforestation by the year 2030. Over $19 billion was pledged; however, there is a history of countries pledging money at international conferences with limited follow-through. I attended a talk in the United States Pavilion about the LEAF Coalition, which is a combined public and private partnership to stop deforestation. Private companies (Walmart, Amazon, AirBnB, etc) are supporting countries (Ghana, Nepal, Ecuador, Vietnam, Costa Rica)  in their commitments to limit deforestation by providing financial incentives and support. Ecuador's representative said, "We have the new currency the world needs: biodiversity." These developing countries make the commitments to preserve nature and then receive financial benefits from the companies in exchange for carbon credits. In this way, these companies can appear "net zero" by simply purchasing the carbon credits. Some of these ideas could appear to be "greenwashing," where companies try to appear environmentally friendly rather than make actual sustainable changes to their organization.

My biggest take-away from COP 26 is the division between the people on the ground facing these impacts every day and identifying solutions as their lives and livelihoods depend on it, and the people making the decisions. Women, indigenous people, young people, and people in the Global South have a lot to say on this topic, and they're often not invited to the rooms where the decisions are made. COP talked up its "inclusivity" and record number of attendees, but many negotiations and events were severely restricted. Many people were allowed into the conference grounds, but were not allowed in the actual rooms where these discussions occurred.

At the end of the conference, an official agreement, the Glasgow Climate Pact was reached by all members of the conference. However, even if all of those commitments are followed, the Earth's temperature would still raise 2.4 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, far above the goal of limiting the rise to 1.5 degrees. There is no established way to enforce these commitments or to ensure that they will be followed.

Although the largest impacts to limit climate change will come from countries and corporations, individuals can make a difference as well, especially by applying pressure and sharing their thoughts with elected officials.

What can we do today to make a difference?

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[naviga:li]Vote! Vote for individuals at both the local and national levels who are working towards climate change initiatives, legislation and carbon neutrality.[/naviga:li]

[naviga:li]Amplify your voice by joining local climate groups. Look for one that fits your area of interest — water conservation, native plants, carbon taxes, installing charging stations for electric vehicles, etc.[/naviga:li]

[naviga:li]Ensure that your electricity comes from a renewable source. Most utility companies offer "green energy" to limit your reliance on fossil fuels. You just have to ask but may pay a small premium.[/naviga:li]

[naviga:li]Consider purchasing an electric vehicle when you're in need of new transportation, or use the bus or train if available. More and more companies plan to release electric cars and plug-in hybrids over the next five years.[/naviga:li]

[naviga:li]Eat less meat, especially beef and cheese. Due to their stomach design, cows are huge producers of methane, which is 84 times as potent than carbon dioxide. Cows also lead to land loss and deforestation as they require more acreage of land than crops.[/naviga:li]

[naviga:li]Be a thoughtful consumer. The fashion industry contributes to a substantial chunk of pollution — about 10% by some estimates. Buy used clothing and look at the practices of the companies you purchase from. Limiting your Amazon delivery day to once per week would also help limit greenhouse gas emissions.[/naviga:li]

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Emily Polakowski is a Waterford resident and a member of the League of Women Voters.